37.4. Declarations

37.4.1. Aliases for Function Parameters

name ALIAS FOR $n;

Parameters passed to functions are named with the identifiers $1, $2, etc. Optionally, aliases can be declared for $n parameter names for increased readability. Either the alias or the numeric identifier can then be used to refer to the parameter value. Some examples:

CREATE FUNCTION sales_tax(real) RETURNS real AS '
DECLARE
    subtotal ALIAS FOR $1;
BEGIN
    RETURN subtotal * 0.06;
END;
' LANGUAGE plpgsql;


CREATE FUNCTION instr(varchar, integer) RETURNS integer AS '
DECLARE
    v_string ALIAS FOR $1;
    index ALIAS FOR $2;
BEGIN
    -- some computations here
END;
' LANGUAGE plpgsql;


CREATE FUNCTION concat_selected_fields(tablename) RETURNS text AS '
DECLARE
    in_t ALIAS FOR $1;
BEGIN
    RETURN in_t.f1 || in_t.f3 || in_t.f5 || in_t.f7;
END;
' LANGUAGE plpgsql;

When the return type of a PL/pgSQL function is declared as a polymorphic type (anyelement or anyarray), a special parameter $0 is created. Its data type is the actual return type of the function, as deduced from the actual input types (see Section 33.2.5). This allows the function to access its actual return type as shown in Section 37.4.2. $0 is initialized to null and can be modified by the function, so it can be used to hold the return value if desired, though that is not required. $0 can also be given an alias. For example, this function works on any data type that has a + operator:

CREATE FUNCTION add_three_values(anyelement, anyelement, anyelement)
RETURNS anyelement AS '
DECLARE
    result ALIAS FOR $0;
    first ALIAS FOR $1;
    second ALIAS FOR $2;
    third ALIAS FOR $3;
BEGIN
    result := first + second + third;
    RETURN result;
END;
' LANGUAGE plpgsql;

37.4.2. Copying Types

variable%TYPE

%TYPE provides the data type of a variable or table column. You can use this to declare variables that will hold database values. For example, let's say you have a column named user_id in your users table. To declare a variable with the same data type as users.user_id you write:

user_id users.user_id%TYPE;

By using %TYPE you don't need to know the data type of the structure you are referencing, and most importantly, if the data type of the referenced item changes in the future (for instance: you change the type of user_id from integer to real), you may not need to change your function definition.

%TYPE is particularly valuable in polymorphic functions, since the data types needed for internal variables may change from one call to the next. Appropriate variables can be created by applying %TYPE to the function's arguments or result placeholders.

37.4.3. Row Types

name table_name%ROWTYPE;
name composite_type_name;

A variable of a composite type is called a row variable (or row-type variable). Such a variable can hold a whole row of a SELECT or FOR query result, so long as that query's column set matches the declared type of the variable. The individual fields of the row value are accessed using the usual dot notation, for example rowvar.field.

A row variable can be declared to have the same type as the rows of an existing table or view, by using the table_name%ROWTYPE notation; or it can be declared by giving a composite type's name. (Since every table has an associated composite type of the same name, it actually does not matter in PostgreSQL whether you write %ROWTYPE or not. But the form with %ROWTYPE is more portable.)

Parameters to a function can be composite types (complete table rows). In that case, the corresponding identifier $n will be a row variable, and fields can be selected from it, for example $1.user_id.

Only the user-defined columns of a table row are accessible in a row-type variable, not the OID or other system columns (because the row could be from a view). The fields of the row type inherit the table's field size or precision for data types such as char(n).

Here is an example of using composite types:

CREATE FUNCTION use_two_tables(tablename) RETURNS text AS '
DECLARE
    in_t ALIAS FOR $1;
    use_t table2name%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
    SELECT * INTO use_t FROM table2name WHERE ... ;
    RETURN in_t.f1 || use_t.f3 || in_t.f5 || use_t.f7;
END;
' LANGUAGE plpgsql;

37.4.4. Record Types

name RECORD;

Record variables are similar to row-type variables, but they have no predefined structure. They take on the actual row structure of the row they are assigned during a SELECT or FOR command. The substructure of a record variable can change each time it is assigned to. A consequence of this is that until a record variable is first assigned to, it has no substructure, and any attempt to access a field in it will draw a run-time error.

Note that RECORD is not a true data type, only a placeholder. One should also realize that when a PL/pgSQL function is declared to return type record, this is not quite the same concept as a record variable, even though such a function may well use a record variable to hold its result. In both cases the actual row structure is unknown when the function is written, but for a function returning record the actual structure is determined when the calling query is parsed, whereas a record variable can change its row structure on-the-fly.

37.4.5. RENAME

RENAME oldname TO newname;

Using the RENAME declaration you can change the name of a variable, record or row. This is primarily useful if NEW or OLD should be referenced by another name inside a trigger procedure. See also ALIAS.

Examples:

RENAME id TO user_id;
RENAME this_var TO that_var;